石器功能与人类适应行为：虎头梁遗址石制品微痕分析

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	石器功能与人类适应行为：虎头梁遗址石制品微痕分析
其他题名	Stone Tool Function and Human Adaptive Behavior:Use-wear Analysis of Lithic Artifacts from the Hutouliang Site in northern China
	张晓凌
学位类型	博士
导师	高星
	2009-06-04
学位授予单位	中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所
学位授予地点	古脊椎动物与古人类研究所
关键词	虎头梁遗址微痕分析石器功能适应行为
摘要	本文以微痕分析为主要研究手段，对泥河湾盆地虎头梁遗址的石制品功能进行了实证性研究，进而结合其有限的出土信息对遗址内相关地点的功能进行分析，并以此为基础对中国北方晚更新世末期虎头梁人群在环境变化中的适应行为进行探讨。本文的研究材料来自虎头梁遗址群1972—1974年间出土的石制品组合。根据器物类型和出土地点信息，254件标本被选作微痕分析的对象，包括细石核、刮削器、雕刻器、尖状器、锛状器、石锥、凹缺器和石叶等非工具类石制品。笔者以实验作为对考古标本进行微痕分析的基础，共进行了包括刮削、尖状器复合使用和踩踏在内的三组实验，观察了大量的实验和考古标本，并通过了盲测。本文对石制品功能的研究以微痕分析中的低倍法为主，同时结合了类型学和民族考古学的证据。对石制品按照类型进行微痕分析的结果表明，虎头梁人对工具的制作和使用存在定型化和标准化的特点。各类石器的类型与功能基本一致，并存在一定的分工，非工具类石制品较少被使用，一器多用现象少见。尖状器被用作切割、刮削和投射的工具使用。刮削器仅用于刮削和切割使用。石锥、雕刻器被用于钻孔和雕刻硬性物质，应该与装饰品的制作有关。锛状器中有一类标本用于砍刨木料。I型细石核上存在少量不典型的使用痕迹。尖状器和锛状器上有装柄痕迹被识别出来。根据对使用方式和加工对象的分析可以看出，虎头梁人群在这一区域内进行过狩猎、肢解、砍刨和工具维修等活动。将73101、65039、72117地点出土的石制品功能进行综合分析，发现虎头梁遗址群内至少存在三种功能不同的遗址类型。73101地点有丰富的遗迹现象，结合石器的多样性和具体功能，它应属一处营地居址。72117地点出土的大量石制品既有制作阶段的标本，也有用于肢解的工具，该地点兼具石器制造场和肢解场所两种功能。65039地点发现的标本大多经过刮削和切割使用，属于狩猎和肢解场所的石器功能表现。这种遗址分工的表现与采取后勤式移动的集食者的生活策略比较接近。根据虎头梁石制品和遗址的功能研究可以看出，虎头梁狩猎人群由于环境资源的限制，选择相对固定的居址，采取集食性的食物资源获取方式，出现了工具装柄和反复维修为特征的精致加工工具，实现了工具的定型化和专业化、可靠性和高效性，体现虎头梁人技术组织程度较高的、适合区域环境的觅食和生活方式，充分发挥了务实性和灵活机动性特点。
其他摘要	This research provides interpretive inferences on stone tool function and human adaptive behavior (e.g., on-site spatial use, mobility, settlement organization) at the Hutouliang site in the Nihewan Basin, by applying the use-wear analysis of lithic artifacts in context of archaeological materials. The author discusses human activities and adaptation in response to changing environments at the end of Pleistocene in North China. This study examines 254 lithic artifacts, sampled out of five thousands stone artifacts unearthed from the Hutouliang site during the 1972-1974 field seasons. The lithic assemblage includes wedge-shaped microblade cores, scrapers, burins, points, adze-shaped objects, awls, notches and flakes. The samples were selected for both the typological study and use-wear analysis. Based on the results of lithic analyses, the study focuses on natures and functions of three localities (out of nine) Hutouliang site (73101、65039、72117), and explains the different functional activities of tool use in term of organizational mobility in northern China in the Late Pleistocene. From use-wear (Low-power method) data combined with the information from typology, ethnoarchaeology and explicate experiments, the study suggests that stone tool uses at the site are inferred to specialization and standardization. The types of stone tool morphology consist with their typologically-inferred functions. Clearly variability of tool use also existed to a certain extent. Hutouliang people used rarely unretouched flake tools, whereas multi-functioned tools were not frequently employed. They made full use of pointed tips and edge for penetrating, scraping, slicing and cutting, and applied hafted tools as projectile points. Morphological-typed scrapers have a functional-consistent function – being used as scraping tools, along with slicing and cutting. Assessing functions of awls and burins conforms that their tool motion was designed for only drilling and engraving hard substances. It infers that their function are likely related to the activities of making ornaments, given the fact that their spatial distribution on site and association with ornament artifacts. The use-wear analysis of a new type artifact, so-called adze-shaped objects and emerged in the late Upper Palaeolithic period in northern China, suggests that they were used mainly for adzing/chopping, planning/shaving wood. In addition, atypical and lesser use-wear was determined on Type I microblade cores; however, it does not support the hypothesis that, proposed in a previous study, the special microblade cores were designed as a part of provisioned toolkits. Most importantly, the distinct hafting use-wear on both points and adze-shaped objects were detected, implying a new way of tool use emerged in northern China at the time of site occupations. Based on combined analyses of worked materials, tool motion and employable unit of tools under examination, it is suggested that Hutouliang occupants engaged in hunting, butchering, wood working, as well as making, repairing, and maintaining tools on site. According to integrated analysis of stone artifacts from Localities 73101, 65309 and 72117, it suggests that there are three kinds of site types with different functions. Locality 73101 might be a base camp, judging by diversity of archaeological materials, function of stone artifacts and context; Locality 72117 might be a temporary camp for either workshop or locale of butchering animals, judging by some repaired artifacts and special stone tools for butchering; Locality 65039 might be inferred as a hunting and butchering campsite, based on the high rate of special tool utilization (scraping, cutting and slicing). To sum up, people at Hutouliang are inclined to select settled base camp, making full use of all kinds of foods as collectors. In addition, they use hafted composite tools, which are characterized by long-term maintaining and finely fabrication. Their adaptive strategies are characterized by low frequency of migration within certain natural geographic territories, being practical, flexible and in harmony with local environments and making the specialization and standardization of stone tool. Modern human gave full play to practicability and flexibility in the Hutouliang site.
页数	202
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.205/handle/311034/1718
专题	硕博论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	张晓凌. 石器功能与人类适应行为：虎头梁遗址石制品微痕分析[D]. 古脊椎动物与古人类研究所. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,2009.

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