海德堡人与中国的直立人头骨比较研究

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	海德堡人与中国的直立人头骨比较研究
	王谦
学位类型	博士
导师	吴汝康
	1998
学位授予单位	中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所
学位授予地点	中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所
学位专业	古人类学
关键词	头骨直立人古人类学海德堡人
摘要	本次研究通过中更新世欧洲与非洲的海德堡人与中国的直立人两个群体的头骨的形态持征与数据的比较，来揭示他们的进化阶段以及在现代人起源上的作用，确定他们在人类演化谱系树上的位置。中国直立人群体以中更新世的材料为主，包括周口店、汤山以及和县等头骨，早更新世的蓝田公王岭头骨也列入作为参考。海德堡人按Rightmire于1996年修订的内涵为准，主要以欧洲Arago和Petralona以及非洲的Bodo和Broken Hill材料为代表。海德堡人与中国直立人两个群体的脑颅比较以及与相关群体的比较结果表明，海德堡人与中国的直立人处在不同的进化阶段。海德堡人的脑颅比中国直立人进步，脑颅有绝对的扩张，额骨的相对扩张明显，脑颅上的增强结构弱化，颅容量大，处在与中国早期智人相当的进化阶段，脑颅上也开始出现尼人的性状。海德堡人的脑颅兼具直立人和尼人的特征，此消彼长，显示不断演化的特征。中国直立人的脑颅低矮平塌，颅容量小，在中更新世阶段处于演化的停滞状态。海德堡人的面部正由早期直立人具有中面部转析的“原面型”向典型尼人的膨凸面型的演化过程中，中国直立人的面型一直保持着“原面型”的转析状态。海德堡人与直立人是两个不同的形态种，因为他们的形态与数据特征有显著的差别，处在不同的演化线路上，有着不同的演化结局。但这两个种都难以找出独有性状，因为处在动态演化中。中更新世具有膨突化中面部与脑颅兼具早期智人与尼人特征的化石人类可归海德堡人种，具有转析中面部与发达的脑颅增强结构的化石人类可归直立人种。中面部转析是推断演化关系的一个依据。海德堡人与现代人没有祖裔关系，直立人才是现代人的祖先。远东的直立人通过早期智人演化到现代人。欧洲的海德堡人演化到典型尼人，尼人后被来源于外地的人类取代。非洲有两条演化路线。一是向面部膨突化的海德堡人发展，最终绝灭。另一支是经过具有中面部转折现象的群体演化到现代人。本次研究的结果支持地区连续演化的观点，支持现代人多地区起源模式，欧洲地区有替代现象。
其他摘要	The purpose of this comparative study of two Middle Pleistocene assemblages, Homo heidelbergensis and Chinese Homo erectus, is to reveal the differences between them, their phylogenetic positions, and the roles in the origins of Modern Human. The differences in braincases of these assemblages indicate that they were in different evolution stages. The braincase of H. heidelbergensis is more advanced than that of Chinese H. erectus, and has got the evolutionary stage as Chinese Early H. sapiens did later. It is bigger, thinner, with weak "strengthening structure" and greater volume, and has got some neandertalian characters, such as a chignon. The two assemblages, H. heidelbergensis and Chinese H. erectus, descended from the same ancestral population, represented two different states respectively, the former continuous evolution and the latter stasis. The differences in the face reveal their different evolution stages and phylogenetic positions. The midfacial flexion is a kind of pleisiomorphic character instead of an apomorphic one; the early Homo in Africa had acquired this character and handed it down till present. The phenomenon of midfacial flexion could serve as an important guide for seeking phylogenetic relationships and reconstructing the Human Phylogenetic Trees. The branch of Chinese H. erectus kept this feature and then gave birth to modern human. H. heidelbergensis is previously thought to be the direct ancestor to the Neanderthals and Modern Human. It's pinched and puffy face, represents a phyletic transformation from Early erectus to neandertalensis, and indicates that this assemblage was only on the way where the Neanderthals is going to being. The European heidelbergensis, is directly ancestral to the Neanderthals, while the African counterparts, to a cul-de-sac. The Ndutu cranium, with midfacial flexion, represented the transitional stage between the early erectus and later anatomically modern human in African continent. H. heidelbergensis and H. erectus are two different species, they headed different evolutionary way and then got different ends, the former got extinct at last, while the latter, gave birth to modern humans directly. The results of this study supports the "Multi-regional Continuity Hypothesis" of the Origins of Modern Human, while reveals that there existed replacement phenomenon at certain regions.
页数	133
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.205/handle/311034/1834
专题	硕博论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	王谦. 海德堡人与中国的直立人头骨比较研究[D]. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,1998.

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