The cranial endocast of tritylodontid <i>Bienotheroides</i> (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) and its relevance to mammalian neurosensory evolution

doi:10.1002/spp2.70021

IVPP-IR

	*The cranial endocast of tritylodontid Bienotheroides* (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) and its relevance to mammalian neurosensory evolution**
	Ren, Jicheng 1,2; Wang, Ping 3,4; Wei, Zhaoying 3,4; Liu, Lu 5; Meng, Jin6 ; Mao, Fangyuan 1
	2025-05-01
发表期刊	PAPERS IN PALAEONTOLOGY
ISSN	2056-2799
卷号	11 期号:3 页码:28
通讯作者	Ren, Jicheng(renjicheng@ivpp.ac.cn) ; Mao, Fangyuan(maofangyuan@ivpp.ac.cn)
摘要	Tritylodontidae are a cosmopolitan group of derived cynodonts that thrived during the Mesozoic Era. Among the tritylodontids, the genus Bienotheroides is distinguished by its short snout, reduced maxilla, and deep zygomatic arch. Here we describe the endocranial anatomy (brain endocast, inner ear, blood vessels and cranial nerves) of Bienotheroides sp. collected from the Middle Jurassic Lower Shaximiao Formation and Xintiangou Formation in the Yunyang area of Chongqing, China. The cranial endocast features enlarged olfactory bulbs and a slender hypophysis. It is long and horizontally oriented in the brain cavity. The unossified zone is moderately developed. The paraflocculus is less developed than in most known cynodonts. The brain cast of Bienotheroides is divided into two cerebral hemispheres by a median interhemispheric sulcus, which is present only in the anterior half of the forebrain. The posterior portion of the forebrain remains undifferentiated. This condition appears to be more derived than the completely undifferentiated forebrain found in basal cynodonts. However, it is primitive compared with the fully divided cerebral hemispheres observed in probainognathian cynodonts, as well as in mammaliaforms. The 11 pairs of cranial nerves (excluding CN VI) in Bienotheroides are arranged longitudinally along the brain endocast, and its inner ear labyrinth is characterized by an elongated, uncoiled cochlea. The estimated encephalization quotient of Bienotheroides is similar to that of basal probainognathians or traversodontids, but relatively lower compared with derived probainognathians and mammaliaforms.
关键词	Tritylodontidae Bienotheroides Chongqing brain endocast inner ear neurosensory evolution
DOI	10.1002/spp2.70021
关键词[WOS]	OSSEOUS INNER-EAR ; ENDOCRANIAL CASTS ; THERAPSIDA ; REPTILE ; ORIGIN ; BRAIN ; PHYLOGENY ; ANATOMY ; RECONSTRUCTION ; EUCYNODONTIA
收录类别	SCI
语种	英语
资助项目	Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China[42122010] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China[42072002] ; Outstanding Member of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[Y2023017] ; [CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1537]
项目资助者	Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Outstanding Member of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
WOS研究方向	Paleontology
WOS类目	Paleontology
WOS记录号	WOS:001507151700001
出版者	WILEY
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.205/handle/311034/24643
专题	中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所
通讯作者	Ren, Jicheng; Mao, Fangyuan
作者单位	1.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Key Lab Vertebrate Evolut & Human Origins, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China 2.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China 3.Chongqing Key Lab Paleontol & Paleoenvironment Coe, Chongqing 401122, Peoples R China 4.Chongqing Inst Paleontol, Chongqing 401122, Peoples R China 5.Natl Nat Hist Museum China, Beijing 100050, Peoples R China 6.Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Ren, Jicheng,Wang, Ping,Wei, Zhaoying,et al. The cranial endocast of tritylodontid Bienotheroides (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) and its relevance to mammalian neurosensory evolution[J]. PAPERS IN PALAEONTOLOGY,2025,11(3):28.
APA	Ren, Jicheng,Wang, Ping,Wei, Zhaoying,Liu, Lu,Meng, Jin,&Mao, Fangyuan.(2025).The cranial endocast of tritylodontid Bienotheroides (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) and its relevance to mammalian neurosensory evolution.PAPERS IN PALAEONTOLOGY,11(3),28.
MLA	Ren, Jicheng,et al."The cranial endocast of tritylodontid Bienotheroides (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) and its relevance to mammalian neurosensory evolution".PAPERS IN PALAEONTOLOGY 11.3(2025):28.